|
St. John's
College
Little Rock, Pulaski
County, Arkansas John's --- Johns'
Proposed College Building
ST JOHNS'
COLLEGE of ARKANSAS
(1850-1882)
~~~ This is my working
hypothesis - the way I understand it as of
08/08/08! ~~~
written by Bill Boggess,
March 2007 - billboggess@webtv.net
St Johns' College of Arkansas was state's first chartered
institution
for higher learning, ----however, third to open her collegiate door, following Arkansas
College
and Cane Hill College.
WHY name St Johns'?
"In the United States, Masonic Lodges are dedicated to St. John the
Baptist and St. John the Evangelist (the two Holy St. Johns).
Therefore,
it would have only been natural for the Grand Lodge to dedicate its
institution of higher learning to them.",
Source: Librarian of Grand Lodge of Arkansas May 14, 2007.
Centrally located, was Masonic sponsored school, becoming the
premier
collegiate facility prior to Arkansas' accepting responsibility for
education. St Johns' College occupied one-hundred and five acres
immediately east of United States Arsenal in Pulaski county, five
donated, one-hundred purchased in 1852, with intent on selling sixty
acres. She's illustrated at upper left corner on Little Rock's,
'bird's
eye view' of 1870's, after 1869 subdivision into "Masonic Addition"
to
City of Little Rock, with streets named for lodge members. Her
structure
is at bottom, 2nd from left with blind school's first from right.
http://photos.ark-ives.com/general/4543%5F67r.jpg
St Johns' College educated and trained her students (referred to as
"cadets" by third president's wife), for their life's
responsibilities,
to name but a half-dozen:
BORLAND, George Godwin (1846AR-1862TX)
DODD, David Owen (1846TX-1864AR)
ENGLISH, Peyton Danley (1846AL-1921AR)
HEMPSTEAD, Fay (1847AR-1934AR),
ROSE, George Burton (1860AR-1943AR)
NEWTON, Thomas Willoughby, Junior (1843AR-xxxx), with son, T W, III,
married HEMPSTEAD's daughter, Elvyn, having son, T W, IV
"Arkansas' History Wound Itself About St John's" --- ---- so wrote
Margaret Deane Smith ROSS (1922AR-2002AR), Little Rock historian,
for
her 1950 newspaper centennial tribute to St Johns' College.
Seldom is ST JOHNS' found spelled correctly, even twice in "Jan
10th 1871" letter on schools stationary by its president's wife. The
"official" state record even misspelled the name causing confusion
ever
since because a state clerk wrote it wrong.
One needs to review early Arkansas history for better appreciation
of
life's hardships and education confronted in those pioneering days.
MEMORIALS:
~~~~~~~~~~~~
MI)-
Memorial honoring St Johns' College is its 1857 engraved cornerstone
displayed at Albert Pike Consistory, Seventh and Scott streets,
Little
Rock, retrieved from building's site after found covered with
overgrowth
by author Mrs. Bernie BABCOCK, now with plaque affixed to its top, to
wit:
"This cornerstone is from old
St. Johns College of Arkansas
Formerly located East of MacArthur Park
Founded and operated by the
Grand Lodge of Free & Accepted
Masons of Arkansas during a time
prior to the states assumption of
its responsibility in the field of education."
MII)-
Two monuments were erected in or near modern day MacArthur Park
honoring
her students:
FIRST: To memory of "Capitol Guards" during May 1911 16th Reunion of
United States Confederate Veterans, fifty years following "Capitol
Guards" (some being St Johns' students), organized on the old United
States Arsenal (1838-1890) grounds (pre-1837, Jockey Club & race
track).
This statute represents a Confederate soldier standing at guard,
placed
on a tall white granite pedestal with words, to wit:
"LEST WE FORGET"
During unveiling ceremonies, afore mentioned Fay HEMPSTEAD, poet
laureate of Freemasonry,
http://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=2506
read poem entitled "At Camp Shaver," in which high tribute was paid
to the
"Capital Guards". Also included was Miss Mary FLETCHER (Mrs. Leonard
H.
DRENNAN) (1890AR-1982MD), daughter of Colonel John Gould FLETCHER
(1831AR-1906AR), (3 June 1861 Captain, Age 30, Capital Guards.
Elected
May 8,1862; Severely wounded in thigh at Murfreesboro, Tennessee 31
December 1862; 6th Arkansas Infantry, Company A, and Mayor
1875-1881),
standing at the east side of the monument, holding a blue ribbon,
while
Miss Helen Frances PEAY, granddaughter of Gordon Neil PEAY
(1819KY-1876AR), first captain of the Guards (Mayor 1859-1860),
stood on
the south side holding a white ribbon. At a signal, Misses FLETCHER
and
PEAY pulled the ribbons while the band played "Dixie" and the old
veterans assembled shouted at the tops of their voices. The screen
fell
away, with a shower of roses, the tall granite shaft stood revealed.
SECOND: To memory of former student David Owen DODD,
"Boy Martyr of the Confederacy"
In 1867 while Fanny Borland was visiting Albert Pike's family in
Memphis, he suggested she write a poem in tribute to David Owen
Dodd.
Probably published it in the "Memphis Appeal" which Pike then edited
before moving to Washington city, a newspaper her father started
January
1839, in 2008, the Memphis Commercial-Appeal.
http://files.usgwarchives.org/tn/shelby/newspapers/davidodo4nw.txt
,
thought to have worked in Masonic member Alderman James A HENRY's,
mercantile store, --- in 1926 United Daughters of the Confederacy,
created 1890, placed a large piece of granite with a commemorative
plaque attached, to wit:
"In Memory of
David O. Dodd
The boy hero of the Confederacy
This marks the place of his execution January 8, 1864 Erected by the
memorial chapter U.D.C.1926"
Originally located one block east of former United States Arsenal
building (wherein General Douglas MacARTHUR (1880AR-1964NY) was born
http://users.aristotle.net/~russjohn/warriors/macpark.html) ,
marking
site on former property of St. Johns' college of DODD's execution as
a
spy, by hanging, January 8, 1864 at three o'clock in afternoon,
coldest
day of the year with ice covering river and snow under foot, before
a
crowd estimated 5,000 to 6,000. Hanging ordered by Major General
Frederick STEELE (1819NY-1868CA), United States Army. DODD's body
removed to Dick JOHNSON's Rock street home, following day interned
in
Mount Holly cemetery in plot reportedly donated by Barney NIGHTON
where
in 1913, an eight-foot tall spire was placed. Interstate Highway
30's
access road now covering hanging site with 1926 monument currently
(May
2007) found at the University of Arkansas, Little Rock, Law School's
parking lot.
In January 2009, this memorial was moved to
the parade grounds at the Little Rock Military Museum and
rededicated by the Joseph Thornhill Chapter of the U.D.C, Sons of
the Confederate groups and many other organizations.. Many
more memorials exist for Dodd in other locations.
Organization of St Johns' College began 1848 as a thought of Elbert
Hartwell ENGLISH (1816AL-1884AR). Then through efforts of Masonic
Grand
Lodge of Arkansas, reportedly following creation of similar schools
in
neighboring states (Missouri ca1844). Grand Master of Masons Elbert
H
ENGLISH,
"...his brain and heart in it [St Johns'] as long as he lived.",
Arkansas' fourth Supreme Court Chief Justice, considered by many,
the
father of St Johns' College (some credit Albert PIKE, who didn't
become
a mason until1850), starting 1844, law partner and junior editor
with
fellow mason Solon BORLAND, Esquire (1811VA-1864TX),
http://www.argenweb.net/pulaski/Solon.Borland.html .
Elbert addressed some 4,000 members of about 50 Lodges of Arkansas' problem with no higher education in 1850,
year following Solon's son Thomas, age 16, attending Alexandria
Boarding
School, Alexandria, Fairfax county, Virginia under Benjamin
HALLOWELL
(1799-1877), then in 1850 at Blue Lick Springs, Nicholas county,
Kentucky in Western Military Institute, where its said many Little
Rock
boys attended, under Colonel Edwin Wright MORGAN (1814PA-1869PA),
---
both Elbert & Solon had 4 y/o sons. A committee was formed to
establish
an institution of higher learning somewhere in Arkansas:
Charles ADAMS, John DRENNEN, Joseph H EGNER, Elbert H ENGLISH, Rev
Joshua F GREEN (1820-1854), Thomas D MERRICK (Mayor 1854), Albert
PIKE
(1809-1891), Christopher C SCOTT, Nathanial G SMITH, William H
SUTTON,
James H WALKER, and George Claiburne (Claiborne?) WATKINS (Arkansas'
third Chief Justice, 1853/4, as infant fell overboard on boat
journey
with mother, Maria, to Little Rock, arriving 11 March 1821 to find
one
house and a few cabins. Father, Major Isaac WATKINS was assassinated
13
December1827 by John SMITH)
She was chartered December 31, 1850 as, St Johns' College of
Arkansas
(incorrectly spelled in state records), by action of Thompson R
FLOURNOY, Speaker of the House of Representatives, John R HAMPTON,
President of the Senate and signed by Governor John Seldon ROANE
(1817TN-1867AR), under whom Major Solon BORLAND served in Mexican
war
and who was noted for his advocacy of state system of education and
roads,
http://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=2692
Two years after St Johns', a second college was chartered, Reverend
Robert GRAHAM's
http://www.therestorationmovement.com/graham,robt.htm
,
Arkansas
College (1852-1862), (Elbert H ENGLISH a board member with Robert
GRAHAM
a board member at St Johns') December 14, 1852, located in
Fayetteville
on what is now College Avenue just south of Dickson Street, where
the
First Christian Church later stood. College Avenue took its name
from
the college. On July 4, Arkansas College awarded the first
collegiate
degrees in the state to its seven graduates. Linda ACREY's
great grandfather, Pleasant Harrison LOYD attended 1861-1862 later
serving
the "36th Arkansas CSA".
The third chartered following day, December 15th, Cumberland
Presbyterian Church's Cane Hill College (1852-1891), reportedly
opening
its collegiate door in1858.
Solon BORLAND, M D, while serving in the United States Senate
(1848-1853), introduced a bill in Congress on December 31, 1849,
"...which had already passed the Senate, and which, if it were
enacted
into law, would yield as he surmised, ample funds with which to
carry
out the most admirable system of common school education that can be
devised."
The senator's action was followed by State of Arkansas (no doubt
other
states as well) passing its first serious attempt to establish a
system
of common schools, signed by Governor ROANE so reported January 11,
1851
in Arkansas Gazette. (HOWEVER, it wasn't until 1868 that Arkansas
had
common public schools).
It was agreed St Johns' College of Arkansas shall be at a location
which
is generally, healthy, accessible and a moral community, with
approval
by ballot of not less than two-thirds majority vote. The third day
of
1851's communication such balloting occurred and upon their sixth
ballot, city of Little Rock was selected, meeting all
pre-established
requirements.
Masons set forth "zealously", following board of trustees meeting
April
2,1852, to acquire a large tract of land. Many offered donations or
tracts at reduced price complicating the task. Finally, July 16,
1852
they bought a one-hundred acre tract, fronting on what became Ninth
street, adjacent to east side of Arsenal grounds having a nice frame
structure near its northwest corner. Intention was to sell sixty
acres.
Price reportedly paid was either $4,214.73 or $5,500 depending on
which
document you use. (In 1855, they had Solon BORLAND, Robert W JOHNSON
and
E A WARREN seeking (unsuccessfully) to obtain the Arsenal grounds
from U
S Congress for their site.)
From the 1852 communications came forth, --- each Lodge would be
entitled
to one student without charge, provided he:
"... teach a primary school, for the benefit of the children of the
membership of each Lodge, and their orphans, until he shall feel he
has,
according to his ability, discharged himself from any obligation to
said
Lodge, more than reverence for a great benefactor."
Proposed funding for their school was agreed during 1853
communication
to be: a levy of $2.00 per annum per member, payable semi-annually to
their Lodge who in-turn was responsible for payment to the Grand
Lodge.
Reportedly two Lodges disagreed, one later agreeing, the other did
not,
so it, the Calhoun Lodge No 50, was suspended until succeeding
communication. History professor Michael B Dougan wrote the lodge at
Helena refused to make payments (see below).
At 1854 communications it was reported to be over fifteen thousand
dollars in fund.
Feelings reportedly surfaced during 1855 communication over proposed
college's location (?). A review of payments revealed $1,907 was
paid
with $2888 outstanding, having a total in account of about $20,000.
"At the annual communication of the Grand Lodge, in 1856, Hon Solon
BORLAND, in behalf of the Board of Trustees of the College,
submitted a
very able report, reviewing the subject of the College in detail,
referring to the circumstances under which it was undertaken, the
embarrassments [??] which interfered with its progress, its
condition at
that time, the benefits it was designed to secure to the order and
prosperity, as well as to the State and country at large, and
proposing
some measures looking to its advancement and early completion."
August 4th 1857 notice was published in Arkansas Gazette that
building
for the preparatory school was completed and classes would commence
September 1 under James M MATHEWS, A M, retained from Shelby
College,
Kentucky.
November 5th, 1857, afore mentioned granite cornerstone, quarried at
Big
Rock, was "set" for this Gothic Revival styled, fifty-seven foot
wide,
eighty-seven foot deep, two four story towers with balance three
story,
westward facing, first center portion, less bell tower of their brick building at Tenth
and
Barber Avenue and McGowan and Welch Streets for estimated $20,000
building, to be on "eternal granite" foundation, walls of "hard
brick"
[should have been (?) "fire brick"] with "slate roof", such that:
"...nothing but engines of war, or earthquake, shall be able to
demolish...",
Judge Elbert H ENGLISH addressed the gathering with Grand Master
Luke E
BARBER (thirty-nine year clerk of Supreme Court) overseeing the
Masonic
ceremonies, representing some 5,000 masons within its 115 Lodges in
Arkansas.
Luke E. Barber
During 1858 the masons set about completing plans, buying materials
and
signing contracts for the construction of their building.
School's Board of Trustees were:
WATKINS, George C - President
DODGE, Roderick L - Treasurer
ENGLISH, Elbert H - Secretary
General William Eliot ASHLEY
(1823AR-1868AR) (Mayor, 1857-58 & 1861-63), Luke E BARBER
(1806-1886),
John J CLENDENIN (1813-1876), George A GALLAGHER (1824-1878), James
A
HENRY (1817-1899), G McPHERSON, Thomas D MERRICK, and Samuel W
WILLIAMS.
Summer of 1859 two University of Virginia and in 1860 one Virginia
Military Institute graduates were retained to head their school.
PRESIDENT: John Baker THOMPSON (1834VA-1862TN)
http://books.google.com/books?id=dqkgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA98&lpg=PA98&dq ,
highly recommended by president of University of Virginia, a
mathematician, most recently professor at Albemarle Female
Institute,
and University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Albemarle county,
Virginia
(Virginia's 39 independent city status' within her 95 counties
allowed
after 1871) and with his close friend and fellow professor at
Albermarle
Female Institute vice-president.
VICE-PRESIDENT: William Naylor BRONAUGH
(1833VA-1862VA)
http://books.google.com/books?id=dqkgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA158&lpg=PA158&dq
strong in the languages (listed in Elbert H English's 1857 speech as
Frank (?), but, ---- 1871published biography, military and other
records
list William Naylor as vice-president with Frank, his brother whom
he
financed through medical school, as surgeon in 2nd Battalion
Arkansas
Infantry) while there, wrote a book on Latin language but killed
before
published.
COMMANDANT: John William LEWIS (1837VA-1882AR)
http://www.vmi.edu/archives/
(ID 952, with class photo) and Professor of Math, (incorrectly noted
as
Major John B LEWIS), from Virginia Military Institute, Lexington,
Rockbridge county, Virginia was employed as Professor of Math and
Tactics where he graduated 7th of 29, Class of1859.
Colonel THOMPSON with wife Alice POWERS, eldest daughter of his
Staunton, Augusta county, Virginia school teacher, the honorable
Pike
POWERS, Esquire, she then of Charlottesville, found in Pulaski
county
household #417 on Eighth Census, 1860, in Gray Township, later
reportedly boarding with William Edward WOODRUFF (1795NY-1887AR) in
his
new 2-1/2 story home on twenty-five acres (later "Woodruff's
Addition")
north across Ninth street from school (re-faced north when later
remodeled, 1077 East Eighth street {on market in 2007}) where Alice
died
in1860. She was buried in Hollywood cemetery, Richmond, Henrico
county,
Virginia, later her husband re-interred next to her. Her portrait was
given to afore mentioned Fay HEMPSTEAD's mother, Elizabeth Rebecca
(Beall) HEMPSTEAD, by THOMPSON, ending at one time with
granddaughter
Mrs. Janet Laurie (Hempstead) PIERCE, Fay's daughter, with poem on
back
composed by Fay's mother. In 1871 when Fay brought his bride home
from
Charlottesville they found she was related to Mrs. THOMPSON.
Arkansas, once "The Land of Opportunity", was a work in progress,
population nearly doubling since school was chartered. Once noted
---
Arkansas was ONLY state capable to self-sustain itself.
Judge Elbert H ENGLISH's article dated August 8th, from which
Arkansas
Gazette printed August 10th, school to open "Monday, October 3,
next"
and published September 7, 1859, in Arkansas True Democrat
newspaper,
announced it no longer is necessary to send children out of state
for
education and among other things, school classes would commence 3
October, 1859, however classes started the following Monday, the
10th.
School offered preparatory and collegiate departments, each with 10
month sessions, costing $50 and $60 respectively. School emphasized
the
teaching profession by requiring graduates receiving "tuition-free"
instruction to teach in Arkansas schools at least two years after
graduation, but operating as military-like organization with uniform
clothing specified by the Trustees.
Within its first year's fifty students was, afore mentioned, eleven
year
old (soon to be twelve) Fay HEMPSTEAD, most likely with thirteen
year
olds: Solon's son George Godwin BORLAND & Elbert's, Peyton Danley
ENGLISH, clerk of Arkansas' Supreme Court, 1896-1915.
Like most other institutions, she closed her door to education until
after the civil war (1861-1867), however her staff, students and
property were far from being strangers to the Confederate cause:
A)- Both, president and vice-president with others, created 1st
Arkansas
Infantry, then enlisting May 1, 1861 at Pine Bluff, Jefferson
county,
Arkansas (BRONAUGH in Company D). This before Arkansas (on its third
ballot), became 9th state to secede from the Union, May 6th with one
dissenting vote. They were mustered into Confederate service at
Lynchburg, Campbell county, Virginia, 19 May, short two companies
for
regiment size. James Fleming FAGAN (1828KY-1893AR) elected colonel
(served in Mexican war under Major Solon BORLAND, M D), James Cade
MONROE lieutenant-colonel and THOMPSON major, later in Tennessee
when
reorganized elected lieutenant-colonel. Company D's 3rd-lieutenant
BRONAUGH returned to Pine Bluff summer of 1861, recruiting more
companies, which later became part of 2nd Battalion Arkansas
Infantry
under his command when promoted to major. The 2nd remained in
Virginia
February 1862 when Major THOMPSON requested the regiment be assigned
to
Tennessee.
A.1)- Lieutenant-Colonel John Baker
THOMPSON wrote his father April 4th from near Monterrey, Putman
county,
Tennessee, then wounded two days later (his 28th birthday), as part
of
an early wave of attack at Shiloh (near Pittsburgh Landing), Hardin
county, Tennessee. Colonel James F FAGAN's letter from Corinth dated
April 9th to THOMPSON's father said, hit with seven bullets, died
the
8th, his official report:
"On the right of the regiment, dauntlessly leading the advance, fell
Lieutenant Colonel John B. Thompson, mortally wounded, pierced with
seven balls. His loss no one can feel so sensibly as myself. Like
Havelock, he united the graces of religion to the valor of the
soldier."
"THOMPSON was buried on "the field" by his orderly. His remains were
transferred to Hollywood Cemetery, Richmond [Henrico county],
Virginia,
postwar, to lie beside his wife. According to Chris FERGUSON's book
on
Hollywood cemetery, which has a photo of THOMPSON, courtesy Library
of
Virginia."(5/30/07, Bruce ALLARDICE)
Former student Captain Thomas Willoughby NEWTON, Jr. of Company A,
also
dangerously injured, -- Margaret ROSS reported:
"...was with him (THOMPSON) as he lay dying...",
likely at Corinth, Alcorn county, Mississippi, whose brother, former
student of Kentucky's Western Military Institute, Captain Robert
Crittenden (1840AR-1887AR) of Company F (later a CSA colonel), and
he
were in 3rd Regiment, Confederate Infantry, HINDMAN's Brigade,
HARDEE's
Corps, while THOMPSON in 1st Arkansas Infantry, in GIBSON's Brigade
of
BRAGG's Corps during battle of Shiloh.
A.2)- Major William Naylor BRONAUGH, with sharp hazel eyes, auburn
hair
and slight of frame but highly thought of in Virginia, as of October
1861 courageously commanded 2nd Battalion Arkansas Infantry,
Confederate
States Army, dying a hero, July 5, 1862 from fragment of a shell to
his
lower right thigh received early in Seven Days Battle,4-miles
northeast
from Richmond, Henrico county, Virginia near Mechanicsville bridge
(Beaver Dam Creek), June 26th. The men surviving became part of the
3rd Arkansas Infantry, which
was comprised of many from Arkansas Military Institute, Tulip,
Dallas
county, Arkansas, another school law partners English and Borland
helped
create in 1850.
A.3)- John William LEWIS enlisted August 19, 1861 and appointed
Adjutant
of the 52nd Virginia Infantry; promoted to 1st Lieut. December2,
1861;
Wounded in action at Port Republic, Virginia; appointed Captain and
Assistant Adjutant General October 7, 1862 and ordered to
Trans-Mississippi to report to Major Gen T H HOLMES; ordered to duty
with Maj. Gen T C HINDMAN's division January 23, 1863 and assigned
as
Assistant Adjutant General to Brig. Gen. D.M. FROST; assigned to
duty at
Head Quarters, District of Arkansas April 4, 1863; assigned to Brig.
Gen
T F DRAYTON's brigade October 17, 1863 but soon back at District
Head
Quarters; There on staff of Major-Generals S. PRICE and J. B.
MAGRUDER
until assigned as Assistant Adjutant General of PRICE's Division
March
7, 1865; Ordered back to Head Quarters March 15, 1865. No further
record
found.
B)- Other St Johns' students joined with thirty-nine year old
Captain
William Edward WOODRUFF, Junior's (1831AR-1907AR) artillery company (1860 census, in
widow Mary W W (Elliott) ASHLEY's (1798VA-1865AR) Markham street,
d/o
Benjamin ELLIOTT & Sarah WHITE,
listed
above his parents) ie: George G BORLAND & Henry "Hal" HALLIBURTON,
yet
others in other units with some on June 1861 formed part of the
"Capitol
Guards", Company A, 6th Regiment Arkansas Infantry Volunteers,
Confederate States Army under Gordon N PEAY, which was:
"....recruited from the "first families" of Little Rock, as well as
prominent merchants and skilled artisans. There were a few St.
Johns'
College students in the company as well. You'd think that a company
of
"blue bloods" wouldn't be as feisty as the typical company of
Arkansas
farm-boys, but the Capitol Guards built quite a reputation during
the
war, as tenacious fighters and seasoned campaigners. The survivors
of
the company were among the "movers and shakers" of Little Rock for
the
rest of the 19th century.",
wrote Bryan HOWERTON on Arkansas Civil War Board.
C)- February 6, 1862, Mayor William E ASHLEY (s/o Mary W W & U S
Senator
Chester Ashley) reported to Arkansas State Gazette and Democrat,
that
school's Board of Trustees granted their property for hospital use.
Therefore constructed on campus were eleven frame, temporary wooden,
structures by the Confederated States of America, designed for 908
beds.
St Johns' College became a large military hospital complex serving
over
8,000 patients by 1865 with many surgeons including Dr Henry
Montgomery
DYE (1830VA-1878TX).
First wounded were from March 1862 battle at Pea Ridge. Reportedly
on
May 8, 1862, there were six-hundred injured listed being cared for.
Following Major General Sterling PRICE's (1809VA-1867MO) defeat at
Little Rock, 10 September 1863, it became a United States General
Hospital, with early newspaperman, William E WOODRUFF senior's home
(wife, Jane Eliza MILLS, raised with and a cousin to Judge George
Claiborne WATKINS),
north
across street, used as an officers hospital. (see 1865 photo in "HOW
WE
LIVED: ...", page 83 & Quapaw Quarter Association's 1864 map, page
97).
Such is some history of service to the Confederate States of America
by
those at and of St Johns' College of Arkansas.
Following end of war, during reconstruction era (1865-1874),another
Board of Trustees existed:
Luke E BARBER, William D BLOCHER (1841-1879), Dr Roderick L DODGE
(1808-1893)(Mayor 1847), Elbert H ENGLISH, J W FAUST (1829-1879),
Samuel
L GRIFFITH (1817-1893), D E JONES, John KIRKWOOD, Dr John J McALMONT
(1821NY-1896AR) (1854 partnered with Dr Solon BORLAND, Mayor 1866,
and
in 1879 one of eight who started University Medical Department), W D
RISON, Rev Thomas Rice WELCH (1825KY-1886CANADA) minister of the
First and started the Second
Presbyterian churches in Little Rock), Samuel W WILLIAMS.
After being used as a post-war general hospital, Federals returned
school's property in fairly good shape, spring of 1867. Is it (?)
safe
to assume the school kept some structures for school use, --- view
Arkansas History Commission's images #1143, ca 1864 & 5097.16, ca
1868
(notice two story building along side main building)?
Trustee's set forth to refurbish, restock, restaff then reopen
Arkansas'
premier college's door for classes starting October 1,1867, before
Arkansas was re-admitted into the United States on 22 June1868. Luke
E
BARBER (1806-1886AR) was president, ably assisted by 1855 graduate
of
Colby College, Confederate veteran officer and ex-prisoner of war,
Oliver Crosby GRAY (1832ME-1905AR)
http://www.argenweb.net/pulaski/Col.MrsOCGray.html
(teaching seven of the
sixteen years college door was open), a mathematician and former
headmaster of Princeton Female Academy, Dallas county, since 1860,
less
war years.
GRAY enlisted June 1861 under Colonel Solon BORLAND, M D, in what
became
Company A, of 3rd Regiment Arkansas Cavalry, Confederate States
Army,
fighting more skirmishes than did any other Arkansas unit. GRAY
entered
as private, became 1st sergeant, elected 1st lieutenant, promoted to
captain, appointed divisional provost marshall, resigned Army to
join
Navy, captured, imprisoned, exchanged, returning home April 1,1865.
Amongst GRAY's pupils were: Judge Robert Barnett WILSON
(1850TN-xxxxAR)
whose bed Governor Baxter's heavy weight broke the night of April
15,1874, and --- M A AUSTIN, John M BLACKWOOD, Hoarce O DALE, John G
FLETCHER, L P GIBSON, S U HARRISON, Willie HARRISON, Charles
JENNINGS,
Julius KEMPER, Henry LASKER, Dr W A LAWARANCE, Thomas B MARTIN, D I
MILLS, Sam PRICE, John Milton & George Burton ROSE, J
E
WILLIAMS, Frank WITTENBERG, W R WORTHEN to name a few of thousands
who
benefited from Colonel O C GRAY during his forty-five years teaching
in
his adopted Arkansas.
Upon GRAY's December 1905 death, former student George B ROSE's850+
word
tribute at funeral
www.webofroots.com/washington/pics/snap.html , in
part said:
"Perhaps the time he has the best opportunity to show his capacity
was
when he was at the head of St John's College in this city; and the
numerous men of our state who in the old days attended that
institution
all regarded him with a love and respect that were only strengthened
with the passing of the years, and with a ripened experience that
enabled them to appreciate even more fully the value of his services
and
magnitude of their debt to him. A military school, it gave him an
opportunity to display his fine qualities as a soldier; and while he
never forgot his dignity as commandant, he took a personal interest
in
each cadet, and bound them to him with hooks of steal, whose grip
time
only tightened. In this solemn hour when the guide and instructor of
our
youth lies cold in death many a strong heart is bowed with grief for
his
loss, and from every corner of our state there go forth blessings
from
grateful hearts."
Pallbearers were: John W BLACKWOOD, John Gould
FLETCHER,
J H HARROD, Jesse HART, J E WILLIAMS, Carroll D WOOD.
1869 found more than one-hundred students enrolled. A list of some
students compiled by Melissa TOBAT mostly, from "Arkansas Families:
Glimpses of Yesterday Columns from the Arkansas Gazette" by Lucy
Marion
REAVES, Edited by: Desmond Walls ALLEN:
Josiah Nichol BELCHER (1852-1933)
Isaac Thomas CATES Jr
Dotey CLARKE
Julian EAKIN
Frank Martin FLETCHER, b. 1858
Orlando HALLIBURTON, b. 1851
William Blackmore HUGHES
George J. LESCHER, b. 1848
Robert MORROW
Philip Drennaen SCOTT, b. 1855 and,
Eugene HANGER (1860AR-1880AR), brother-in-law to Mrs Frances (Fanny)
Marion (Harrow) HANGER (1856IA-1945AR), w/o Frederick HANGER
(1855AR-1900AR) who saved Fanny BORLAND's poem "At My Father's Feet"
(Solon BORLAND).
Other known students: Lieutenant William Field
RECTOR(1847AR-1863xx),
s/o Henry Massie RECTOR an adjutant killed in battle, Colonel W H
HALIBURTON's son Hal and Doctor W A NOEL's son Dr James W NOEL.
Original School for the Blind constructed 1869-1870, shown here
in 1890
The school for the blind moved from City of Arkadelphia, Clark
county to
Little Rock, Pulaski county nine blocks west of St Johns'. Its first
brick three story building in 1869 was dedicated to "Colonel Gray".
www.arkansasschoolfortheblind.org/History_of_ASB.html (search,
GRAY).
Colonel Oliver Crosby GRAY, wrote a letter August 24th 1869, to his
brother-in-law Ray, (wife's younger brother who with older brother
sailed around the world with their father in 1849/51, brief lay-over
in
San Francisco during "Gold Rush Days", and 1872/3 spent winter in
GRAY's
home):
"I am spending my vacation preparing the Foreign Correspondence of
the
Grand Lodge of Ark. and it will pretty nearly consume the whole
time."
(Source: Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan, Raymond
C
DAVIS papers)
Virginia Davis GRAY, wife of O C GRAY, in her letter of December
1870
written when visiting in Princeton, (buried her father, Capt George
DAVIS, Christmas Day (next to her son), she too had sailed across
the
ocean with her father) writes of herself as chief committee women to
get
up money for a college library etc. which may have proceeded Robert
Ward
JOHNSON's donation of his library to the school. Aaron PIERCE wrote
the
state also donated a library.
June 23, 1871 school closed with a big party that night.
The GRAY family built (her September 27, 1871 letter) a home between
the
school and Arsenal in 1871, with view of school shown on AHC image
#1667, also seen on 'birds eye view' of Little Rock.
The students (cadets) went downtown
and marched November 8, 1871 escorting the Masons concluding with a
speech by Colonel GRAY.
Financial contributions were less during the reconstruction years,
falling heavily upon shoulders of Colonel O C GRAY as president
(1871-1874). Dallas T HERNDON and others, wrote St Johns' College
was
co-educational in some departments for awhile, possibly Virginia was
teaching drawing and painting to both sexes as mentioned in one
letter,
otherwise. not so mentioned in family's forty letters, thirteen
written
from Little Rock nor in wife's, "Jennie", 242 page diary of
(1867-1872) of son Carl Raymond (M C 1618, U of Ark)
http://files.usgwarchives.org/me/knox/bios/gray4bs.txt , but more
likely
in her penned 845 fragile pages, bound in three volumes of 1872-1874
diary not yet transcribed at Arkansas History Commission since
ca1964
from Farrar Clinton NEWBERRY, Senior, (1887AR-1968AR) a prolific
writer,
served as president of The Woodmen of the World organization for a
number of years. No doubt material from Virginia GRAY's son Carl,
more
likely, grandson Russell Davis (1899KS-1975NJ) while living in
Omaha,
Nebraska (father of Eleanor Gray KNUTSON, (1923ME-1994MN) who
provide
her 1863-1865 diary for publication).
As afore stated, "Masonic Addition" was platted 1869 within the City
of
Little Rock with many grandeur homes built. It was estimated to
render
them about $100,000 to help finance their school. 1893 map shows
street
car line to area, with being south across 9th street from
"Woodruff's
Addition", west of "Hanger Addition". See "HOW WE LIVED: Little...."
page 138, the Reichardt house.
February 1872 an outbreak of cerebro-spinal meningitis took three
students lives (same as president Colonel O C Gray died of December
1905
at the Arkansas School for the Blind). The wooden hospital buildings
being used and water-well were suspect. This may have been reason to
remove remaining civil war hospital structures and build their new
wooden dormitory.
In 1872 it became necessary for St Johns' to construct a frame
building
at a cost of about $10,000 for housing eighty more students. Funds
reportedly came from sale of some lots in their subdivision. (The
GRAY's
had, for four years till 1873, boarded one student who graduated,
Virginia said NO MORE.)
Its highly likely the original drawings for Arkansas History
Commission's
images #5097.16, ca 1868 and #1667, ca 1873 (#1667, is a view from
GRAYs
property) was a product of Virginia GRAY's (V L GRAY
www.webofroots.com/washington/pics/vagrsy.html ) artistic
work, she the wife of Colonel GRAY, St Johns' College president
(1871-1874) and she later, the "first chair" of "Drawing and
Painting"
(Art Department), 1874-1881, at Arkansas Industrial University.
School graduated three, including one boarding with the GRAYs four
years, June 1873 and seven in 1874. The staff for 1873/74 consisted
of:
"President GRAY, Professor of Pure and Mixed Mathematics: Colonel
Luke E
BARBER, LLD, Professor, Belles Letters; Colonel William Cunningham
PARHAM, 1850 graduate of The College of William & Mary with his A M,
Professor of Greek and Latin Languages: and since 1869, Major
Richard H
PARHAM, Professor of Physical Science and Applied Mathematics",
whose
life's actively was a tireless involvement with state laws for
better
education. He & wife Ora were adored by GRAY's young son Carl
(became
vice-chairman of Union Pacific Railroad Systems, whose first son,
Maj-Gen Carl Jr. (1889KS-1955MN) headed all military railroads in
Africa
& Europe during WW II, third son Doctor Howard Kramer
(1901MO-1955MN) of
Mayo Clinic operated on Jimmie ROOSEVELT, s/o FDR, in 1938, and
surgeon
aboard Navy hospital ship Solace (AH-5) in South-Pacific theater during WW II.
Here's a bit passed, ca 1985, to Clora PARHAM by her daughter
concerning
Professor W C PARHAM (found listed next to (General) Robert
Crittenden
NEWTON on a couple of census):
"He received an AM degree from Wm & Mary, taught mostly ancient
languages, in private schools in VA [Virginia] and MS [Mississippi]
from
1857-1860. Vice principal at academy at Princeton 1861-64. ? (can't
make
that out [maybe Little Rock (?)) Masonic Institute 1868-69: Prof. of
Latin and Greek at McKenzie College, TX, 1864-65; St. John's
College, LR
[Little Rock], 1869-75; AR Female College, LR, 1875-1877; Central
Collegiate Institute, Altus, AR; 1884-1885; Millersburg Female
College,
KY, 1887-91; Galloway Female College, Searcy, AR, 1891-93; president
of
Masonic Female College , Marshall, TX, 1899-1909."
"Prof. Parham was 2nd in command at St. John's College when
Brooke-Baxter [war] affair occurred. Now conducting a private
training
school at Benton(1906) and hopes to retire with 60 years of pro.
work.
Now entering 52 years as teacher--done about 40 years in
AR--probably
the senior teacher in the state." [brother Major Richard H PARHAM,
Jr served Arkansas fifty-one years and Colonel O C GRAY served
Arkansas forty-five
years, Minnesota four and Mississippi one year]
A Law School was begun in1873 having former United States Senator
(1853-1861) Robert Ward JOHNSON's (1814KY-1879AR) donated personal
library with faculty consisting of:
Yankee, Henry Clay CALDWELL (1835VA-1915CA), Elbert Hartwell
ENGLISH,
Augustus Hill GARLAND (1832TN-1899DC) & Uriah Milton ROSE
(1834KY-1913AR).
U M Rose's sons, John Milton and George Burton ROSE, were students
and
most likely his other sons. There are those who believe this to be
origin of University of Arkansas Little Rock's, Law School which is
highly possible but we found no such documentation.
The BROOKS-BAXTER WAR crisis arose April 15th, 1874, -- with Judge
Sam W
WILLIAMS suggesting Governor Elisha BAXTER (1827NC-1899AR) (served
thirty days, ca. November 1861, under Colonel Solon BORLAND), --- go
to
St Johns' College where Colonel William Cunningham PARHAM greeted
them
while Colonel Oliver Crosby GRAY called his 150 students out and
asked
for volunteers to guard the governor with all 150 volunteering. GRAY
selected forty, armed them and they did guard duty with loaded guns
stopping all but those with special permission to enter while
Governor BAXTER conferred that night with Judges Henry Clay CALDWELL
(the Yankee), Uriah Milton ROSE (statute stands in the Nation's
Capitol,
Statutary Hall, Washington, D C), Elbert Hartwell ENGLISH, Freeman
Walker COMPTON (1824NC-1891AR) (moved into Gray's first house
November
1871) and Augustus Hill GARLAND (governor following BAXTER, later
United
States Senator then United States Attorney General). College again
closing her door to education and Dr. Weldon Edwards WRIGHT
(1814VA-1883AR), reportedly
donating
$30,000 to battle BROOKS).
Colonel Oliver C GRAY and Judge Sam W WILLIAMS after consultation,
hastily drafted a proclamation declaring martial law which was
published
next day when BAXTER was moved to the Anthony House for his
headquarters.
President Ulysses S GRANT (1822OH-1885NY), (visited Little Rock six
years later, April 15, 1880, three months following birth of General
MacARTHUR, GRANT as a lieutenant, fought along side Major BORLAND in
final battles of Mexican war), --- sided with Governor Baxter! This
ended the month long bloody crisis May 15th, reportedly as many as
two-hundred died state-wide, with General James F FAGAN leader of
BROOK's forces in Little Rock. Major-General Robert C NEWTON
http://famousamericans.net/robertcrittendennewton/ in charge of BAXTER's
military forces.
Her door remained closed for awhile after the main building burnt
sometime following April 15th 1874, pictured with caption
"Old St. John's College, destroyed by fire in 1874" on page 66 in
"100
years, 1819-1919: supplement commemorating the founding of Arkansas'
first newspaper".
The center section photograph is same as:
http://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/media-detail.aspx?mediaID=3881
Be this a result of The BROOKS-BAXTER War or not is questionable,
however my review of the month long battle did NOT reveal such an
occurrence.
Margaret Smith ROSS' 19 November 1950 article in Arkansas Democrat,
page
12, says:
"...building burned to the ground.",
giving range of dates between which she had seen mentioned, post
1874,
ie:
"January 17, 1879 to January 17,1890".
I have also seen 1890 date elsewhere. Maybe a number of devastating
fires may have occurred at St Johns', not bad as at the Deaf school
September 30, 1899, until after it was sold like so many structures
in
Little Rock, therefore additional research is required to unscramble
the
history of fires at St Johns' College of Arkansas. Review of
Arkansas
Gazette articles may reveal when, why and results of these
disasters,
and if buildings were repaired or what? Also a review of Virginia L
GRAY's non-transcribed 1872-1874 (listed as letters) diary pages for
that time period, filed at Arkansas History Commission may well
reveal
the first-hand, inside story, of what really occurred, both at The
BROOKS-BAXTER War as well as the1874 fire in that time frame. (If
only I
could be in Little Rock)
"Old St. John's College, destroyed by fire in 1874" - Arkansas
Gazette 1919
School's demise is said to have accelerated during political unrest
of
The BROOKS-BAXTER War, which may include its fire damage with more
unrest after July 8, 1874, when Colonel GRAY was retained at newly
(1871) created Arkansas Industrial University --- who in 1906 built
and
dedicated "GRAY HALL" to honor Colonel GRAY for his life of
achievements.
www.webofroots.com/washington/pics/grayhall.html
In 1875 she reportedly had three instructors and only fifty-five
students.
Following success of the law school started 1873, a medical school
was
proposed by eight physicians in 1879 to be part of St Johns'
College,
however due to declining revenues and reduced support of Masonic
Lodges,
it instead became a part of Arkansas Industrial University because
of
the efforts of Dr. Philo O. Hooper, head of the College of
Physicians
and Surgeons, and General Hill, university president. The new
Medical
Department was located in Little Rock becoming an independent part
of
the university.
------------------
Other factors are claimed contributing to demise of St Johns'
College:
1)- Professor Michael B DOUGAN's, Arkansas Odyssey. Rose Publishing
Com.
Little Rock, 1994,684pp.
"Its failure to thrive was caused in part by state sectionalism:
Helena
Masons refused to contribute because they felt Little Rock favored
Memphis over Helena as the terminus for the railroad." and
2)- the State of Arkansas' assuming its educational obligations in
1871
with successful creation of Arkansas Industrial University in
Fayetteville, Washington county. This under the 1862 Morrill Act,
signed
by President Abraham LINCOLN, shepherded by former commander of
Union's
4th Arkansas Cavalry, the 1868-1874 Supreme Court Justice LaFayette
GREGG (1825AL-1891AR)
http://libinfo.uark.edu/SpecialCollections/findingaids/greggaid.html
later, member AIU's Board of Trustees, whose historic home
http://ozarkartist.com/gregg_house.htm , is west, across Gregg Avenue
from GRAY's. AIU's classes began January 22, 1872 in former
landowner,
Mr William McILORY's (1812NC-1886AR) house, (buried next to GRAY's
plot
in Old Masonic cemetery, now Historic Evergreen cemetery,
Fayetteville).
Utter confusion sets in as to her
presidency following 1874, with BROOKS-BAXTER War, devastating fire
and
Colonel GRAY moving on to the new university at Fayetteville. This
being
one reason we contacted The Grand Lodge of Arkansas.
a)- Librarian for Grand Lodge of Arkansas said he was not familiar
with
the presidential sequence but noted on May 14, 2007:
"The last year students studied at St. Johns' was 1879."
b)- Dallas T HERNDON's 1922 book states Rev A R WINFIELD followed
GRAY
but,
c)- Lucy Marion REAVES' 30 September 1934 newspaper article cites,
following GRAY was Richard H PARHAM, then W J ALEXANDER however,
d)- Margaret Smith ROSS' 1950 Centennial article of 19 November 1950
states Reverend A R WINFIELD opened after the political debacle and,
e)- I recall reading elsewhere that Major Richard H PARHAM was
president
in school's final years.
Colonel William C PARHAM (left in 1875 for The Arkansas Female
College,
Little Rock, 1875-1877), reportedly was in charge at St Johns' while
Colonel Gray was away, then it appears Methodist Reverend Augustus
Roberts WINFIELD (1822VA-1887AR), Camden, Ouachita county for 1870
census and Hot Springs, Garland county in 1880, may have become
president of St Johns' College following GRAY, with ----Major
Richard H
PARHAM (ca1834VA-1924AR), St Johns' College professor since October
1869, may have become her last president. While there he also served
the
public as an elected state Democrat legislator, who wrote a school
law
still being used, for the legislature in 1874, providing for unpaid
local school boards elected by the people, county examiners
appointed by
the county judge, and a state superintendent of education, to be
elected; public education thus became a component of the new state
constitution after delay from U S Senator Solon BORLAND's December
31,
1849 afore noted bill in Washington city before Arkansas first
opened
public schools in1868.
http://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=2167
Major Richard H. Parham
Major PARHAM later taught in Little Rock's school system, becoming a
principal of schools, Ft Steele, Peabody, Scott Street & Kramer, and
the
county examiner of public schools. He and wife Ora are listed living
with son-in-law Powell CLAYTON, Esquire, in "Masonic Addition" at
1301
Welch (same street St Johns' College had been built on) in 1900, he,
less wife, in 1910 census. PARHAM served Little Rock's public
schools
till about World War One. Little Rock honored him by naming Parham
school, built 1909 closed 1979, 100 years following last classes at
St
Johns' College, when I-630 highway construction did away with it.
Memories are retained in a school museum.
www.lrsd.org/communications/zhistoryindex.cfm?id=199
Parham Elementary
In concluding this compilation of information assembled from many
sources, reveals that Masonic, St Johns' College of Arkansas and
those
involved, served pioneering Arkansan's well during its short life,
actual schooling of only sixteen or less years. Her known presidents
were each notable, dedicated men of worthy distinction. Her property
was
reportedly sold after 1882 with funds used to build their Masonic
temple
at Fifth and Main streets Little Rock which likewise was destroyed
by
fire during early twentieth century along with many records! Fires
took
a heavy toll in Little Rock.
SPECIAL NOTATION UPDATE
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
06/24/08
One finds considerable difference in St Johns' College's leadership
following 1874 between what I found documented prior to 06/21/07 and
that included by Dick E Browning's material dated 02/21/08 within
www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=3584
Mr Browning apparently found the school was contracted out starting
1878
till 1882 of which I found no hint of.
I submitted my final draft to the editor of Encyclopedia of Arkansas
for
their use, it was acknowledged in her 20 March 2007 letter, and it
appears much information was used.
--------------------
Credits and additional information:
ALEXANDRIA Boarding School (1824-xxxx):
www.alexandria.lib.va.us/lhsc_onli ne_exhibits/letters/abs.html
www.alexandria.lib.va.us/lhsc_online_exhibits/letters/catlog.html
www.swarthmore.edu/Library/friends/ead/5057hast.xml
www.swarthmore.edu/Library/friends/ead/5152tufa.xml
ARKANSAS' Civil War Board and more;
a)- 1st Regt Ark Inf:
http://history-sites.com/mb/cw/arcwmb/index.cgi?rev=15164,
http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/1starinf.htm
b)- 2nd Batt Ark Inf:
http://history-sites.com/mb/cw/arcwmb/index.cgi?rev=15164,
http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/2ndbnidx.html
c)- Capital Guards, 6th Ark Inf:
http://history-sites.com/mb/cw/arcwmb/index.cgi?rev=15151
www.geocities.com/capitalguards/history.html
d)- 3rd Ark Cav:
http://archiver.rootsweb.com/th/read/3rd-arkansas-cavalry/2004-01/1073841168
www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/3cavA.html
ARKANSAS DEMOCRAT: 19 November
1950, page 12, Margaret Smith Ross
ARKANSAS GAZETTE: "100 years, 1819-1919 : supplement commemorating
the
founding of Arkansas' first newspaper", page 66; 30 September 1934,
Pt
II, Page 3, Col 1, Lucy Marion Reaves and State Centennial Edition,
June
15,1936.
ATKINSON, James H: The Brooks-Baxter Contest, Arkansas Historical
Quarterly, Vol IV, No 2, 1945, pages 126 & 127
BOGGESS, William S: The Story of Two ARKANSAS Pioneer School
Teachers,
http://files.usgwarchives.org/me/knox/bios/gray7bs.txt
ENCYCLOPEDIA of Arkansas History and Culture:
www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net
GRAY, Oliver Crosby & Virginia LaFayette (Davis), family letters
(most
held by Davis descendants, some Bentley Historical Library of
University
of Michigan) and her MC 1618 material at Special Collections,
University
of Arkansas.
HALE, Harrison; University of Arkansas,1948
HERNDON, Dallas T; Centennial
History of Arkansas (pages 570 & 571),1922
JOHNSON, Reverend John Lipscomb (1835-1915): The University
Memorial:
Biographical Sketches of Alumni of the
University of Virginia who fell in ConfederateWar;1871.
a)- THOMPSON: pages 98 to 108,
http://books.google.com/books?id=dqkgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA98&lpg=PA98&dq
b)- BRONAUGH: pages 158 to 163),
http://books.google.com/books?id=dqkgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA158&lpg=PA158&dq
MASONARY IN ARKANSAS: by M. Shelby Kennard, 1860 (Courtesy: Special
Collections, University of Arkansas)
MONEYHON, Carl H: The Impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on
Arkansas, 1994 (pages247 & 260).
PARHAM, Richard H, Major: Thirty-Three Years of Educational Work in
Arkansas
PIERCE, Aaron B: St John's College, Pulaski County Historical
Review,
Vol 36, No 2, 1988
REYNOLDS, John Hugh & THOMAS, David Yancey: History of the
University of
Arkansas, 1910
ROY, Frederick Hampton, Sr & WITSELL, Charles, Jr: HOW WE LIVED:
Little
Rock An American City, 1984, pages 82, 83, 84, 85, 97, 125,151, 158,
161,170, 173 & 177.
SHINN, Josiah H; Pioneer and Makers of Arkansas: 1908, 423 pages:
http://books.google.com/books?id=GdKkAxrFPt4C ... (search: "Major
Gray"
and/or other names, WATKINS)
UNIVERSITY OF THE OZARKS:
a)- 1834-1858: Cane Hill College
www.ozarks.edu/about/history/canehillschool.asp
(accessed March 15,
2007)
b)- 1858-1891: Cane Hill College
www.ozarks.edu/about/history/canehillcollege.asp
(accessed March 15,
2007)
WESTERN MILITARY INSTITUTE (1847-xxxx):
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Military_Institute
WILLIAMS, Hattie E: OUR NEIGHBORS --- THE GRAYS, Washington County
(AR)
Historical Society's 'FLASHBACK', May 1958
www.webofroots.com/washington/pics/wmsneightbors.html
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